Peak transmittance was later in the summer at the end of the melt season when the snow cover had completely melted, the ice had thinned and pond coverage was extensive. Peak values of incident ultraviolet irradiance occurred in mid-June. The thickness observations were combined with a radiative transfer model to compute a time series of the ultraviolet light transmitted by the ice cover from April through September. In addition, observations of snow depth and ice thickness were made at more than 100 sites encompassing a comprehensive range of conditions. Measurements of the incident irradiance at 305, 320, 340 and 380 nm and of the photosynthetically active radiation were made from April through September 1998 as part of the SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean program) field experiment in the Arctic Ocean. The reflection, absorption and transmission of ultraviolet light by a sea- ice cover strongly impacts primary productivity, higher trophic components of the food web, and humans. The interaction of ultraviolet light with Arctic sea ice during SHEBA At the end of this manual, the reader will find a quick checklist. This manual is designed so that new operators can use the system with minimal previous training. It will also include tips on how to minimize potential equipment failures, some trouble shooting, and some safety ideas. It includes a description of the preparations necessary to get ready for a launch, the mechanics of the actual launch, and an account of the proper procedure for taking down the equipment when finished. The purpose of this manual is to acquaint any new user to the powered tethered balloon system deployed at the The Surface Heat and Energy Budget of the Arctic ( SHEBA ice camp. A special winch that was able to withstand Arctic temperature and weather became necessary when the testing of simple winch systems used in warmer climates failed under these extreme conditions. The tethered balloon that we used was one specially designed for use in freezing climates by SPEC Corporation in Boulder, Colorado.

One aspect of the atmospheric field component was launching tethered balloons to monitor the profiles of temperature, wind, pressure, and humidity, as well as examine the vertical structure of cloud droplet sizes and distributions. Its purpose was to measure as many facets of the Arctic environment as possible so that we would be able to better understand the interaction between the ice, atmosphere, and ocean and their interactions with global climate. The Surface Heat and Energy Budget of the Arctic ( SHEBA) was an intensive field project which took place in the Arctic Ocean from October 1997 through October 1998. Operator's Manual for SHEBA Powered Tether Balloon System

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